飛蠅科學：魚類視力

飛蠅科學：魚類視力
原文 http://www.midcurrent.com/articles/science/ross_color.aspx

Fly Patterns

毛勾款式

Does Color Matter?

顏色有關係嗎？

by Dr.David A. Ross

作者 大衛羅斯博士

photos by David Klausmeyer
照片 大衛Klausmeyer
翻譯 Bulldog

Read this article and you may never look at your flies the same way again.

閱讀這篇文章後，你可能永遠也會用不一樣的方法看你的毛勾了。

Does Color Matter?
顏色重要嗎？

This is a serious question for fly tiers and fly fishermen to ask.

這是一個紮作毛勾人士和飛蠅釣手的嚴肅問題。

Some anglers maintain that the choice of color is critical, while others say it is not important.

有些釣魚者認為，選擇的顏色是關鍵的，有人說這並不重要。

Scientifically speaking, there is evidence to suggest that both points of view may be correct.

科學地說，有證據表明，這兩個點的觀點可能是正確的。

There is good evidence that picking the appropriate color or colors will, under certain conditions, improve your chances of attracting fish, but science can also show that in other situations, the color of your fly is of limited value or no importance whatsoever.

有很好的證據表明，挑選適當的顏色或顏色會，在一定條件下，提高吸引魚的機會，但科學也表明，在其他情況下，你毛勾的顏色價值是有限的或根本沒有任何重要性。

Fish have been around for more than 450 million years and are remarkable creatures.

魚類已出現超過 4億5千萬年前，是卓越的生物。

Over the thousands of centuries, they have made many superb adaptations to survive in the marine environment.

在數千百年來，他們已為生存在海洋環境作出了許多高超的適應。

Living in the world of water is not easy, but it does present some environmental opportunities as well as serious challenges.

生活在世界上的水是不容易的，但它代表了一些環境的機遇和嚴峻的挑戰。

Sound, for example, travels almost five times faster and much better in water than it does in air.

例如聲音，在水中傳遞比在空氣中更好和快近5倍的速度。

The ocean is actually a very noisy place.

海洋實際上是一個非常嘈雜的地方。

Fish capitalize on this by having an excellent sense of hearing, using both their inner ears and lateral lines to detect prey or avoid enemies.

魚類利用這優良的聽覺，同時使用他們的內耳和側線檢測獵物或避免敵人。

Water also contains unique chemical compounds that fish utilize to identify other members of their species, tell when reproduction time has arrived, find food, detect predators, and perform other functions.

水還含有不小獨特的化學物質，魚類利用它去辨別同類，知道何時交配，尋找食物，發現天敵，並執行其他功能。

Fish have evolved a remarkable sense of smell that is thought to be about one million times better than that of humans.

魚已演變成了的卓越嗅覺是被認為是大約 100萬倍優於人類。

Water, however, presents a serious challenge for fish and fishermen when it comes to vision and color.

但是水當談到視覺和顏色對魚類和漁民仍然是一個嚴重挑戰。

Many characteristics of light quickly change as it moves through water.

許多光的特點在穿過水時迅速改變。

The first thing to realize is that the color of your fly in the water is almost always different from what it is in the air.

首先要知道的是，你毛勾的顏色在水中幾乎總是有別於它在空氣中。

I have to be a little technical to explain this, but I think if you bear with me, you'll have a better understanding of how fish perceive color and how this impacts the flies we tie and use.

我要更技術性的來解釋這一點，但我想，如果你能忍耐我，你就會更了解魚類是如何感知顏色和它如何影響我們的毛勾紮作和使用。

And while I mostly refer to fish and fishing in salt water, these same principles apply to the freshwater environment.

雖然我說的主要是指海水魚和海水魚的釣法，這些同樣的原則亦適用於淡水環境。

Attenuation of Light

    光的衰減

The light that humans see is just a small part of the total electromagnetic radiation that is received from the sun.

人類看到的光只是從太陽得到總的電磁輻射的一小部分。

We see what is called the visible spectrum.

我們看到是所謂的可見光譜。

The actual colors within the visible spectrum are determined by the wavelengths of the light: the longer wavelengths are red and orange; the shorter wavelengths are green, blue, and violet.

可見光譜範圍內實際的顏色是由光的波長決定：紅色和橙色波長較長的;綠色，藍色和紫色波長較短。

Many fish, however, can see colors that we do not, including ultraviolet.

但是許多魚類，可以看到我們看不到的顏色，包括紫外線。

When light enters water, its intensity quickly decreases and its color changes.

當光線進入水中，它的強度迅速降低，其顏色亦發生變化。

These changes are called attenuation.

這些變化稱為衰減。

Attenuation is the result of two processes: scattering and absorption.

衰減是兩個過程的結果：散射和吸收。

The scattering of light is caused by particles or other small objects suspended in the water — the more the particles, the more the scattering.

光的散射是由粒子或其他微粒懸浮在水 - 微粒越多，散射越高。

The scattering of light in water is somewhat similar to the effect of smoke or fog in the atmosphere.

光在水中的散射是有點類似大氣中煙霧或大霧的效果。

Coastal waters generally have more suspended material due to river input, material stirred up from the bottom, and increased plankton.

沿海水域通常有更多的懸浮物質，原因為河流的輸入，水底翻起的物質，浮游生物的增加。

Because of this greater amount of suspended material, light usually penetrates to a lesser depth.

由於這大數量的懸浮物質，光通常只會有較小的穿透深度。

In relatively clear offshore water, light penetrates to a greater depth.

在相對清晰的離岸水質，光線能穿透的更大的深度。

Light absorption is caused by several things, such as the light being converted into heat or used in chemical reactions such as photosynthesis.

光被吸收是由幾件事情形成，如光被轉換成熱能或被化學反應所使用，如光合作用。

The most important aspect for fishing is the influence of the water itself on the absorption of light.

影響捕魚最重要的事情是水本身對光的吸收。

The amount of absorption is different for different wavelengths of light; in other words, various colors are absorbed differently.

不同波長的光被吸收該數量是不同的，換句話說，各種顏色會被不同的吸收。

The longer wavelengths, such as red and orange, are absorbed very quickly and penetrate into the water to a much shallower depth than the shorter blue and violet wavelengths.

波長越長，如紅色和橙色，比波長較短的藍色和紫色穿透到淺水的深度很快被會吸收得很多。

At about three meters (about 10 feet), roughly 60 percent of the total light (sunlight or moonlight) and almost all the red light will be absorbed.

約在三米水深（約 10英尺），大約百分之六十的總光度（太陽光或月光），幾乎所有的紅色光會被吸收。

At 10 meters (about 33 feet), about 85 percent of the total light and all the red, orange, and yellow light have been absorbed.

在10米水深（約 33英尺），約百分之八十五的總光度，所有的紅，橙，黃色光被吸收。

This has a direct bearing on how a fish perceives a fly.

這直接關係到魚如何看一隻毛勾。

At a depth of 10 feet, a red fly appears gray, and it eventually appears black as the depth increases.

在 10英尺水深，一隻紅色的毛勾會變成灰色，最終隨著深度的增加變成黑色。

With the increasing depth, the now dimming light becomes bluish and eventually black when all the other colors are absorbed.

隨著深度的增加，漸漸淡出的光變成藍色，最後當所有顏色被吸收而變成藍黑色。

The absorption or filtering out of color also works in a horizontal direction.

顏色的吸收或過濾也可在水平方向出現。

So again, a red fly that is only a few feet from a fish appears gray.

所以，再一次，一個紅色的毛勾，從幾英尺的魚看來是灰色的。

Similarly, other colors also change with distance.

同樣地，其他顏色也會隨著距離而改變。

For a color to be seen, it must be hit by light of the same color and then reflected in the direction of the fish.

對於怎樣可以看出顏色，它必須被相同顏色的光擊中，然後反射到魚的方向。

If the water has already attenuated or filtered out a color, that color will appear gray or black.

如果水已經減弱或過濾掉一種顏色，該顏色會變成灰色或黑色。

(Fluorescent colors, which I will come to shortly, behave a little differently.)

（熒光顏色，我不久後就會講到，表現有所不同。）

It should now be clear how the depth of the water or distance from a fish affects the visibility of your fly.

現在應該明白到水深入和魚的距離對毛勾看法的影響。

In extremely shallow and very clear water, colors may look similar to their appearance in the air; as your fly gets just three feet deep or three feet away from a fish — or less if the water has limited clarity — the colors will start to change, often with surprising results.

在極淺，很清澈的水，顏色可能類似於大氣中的外觀; 若您的毛勾只得3英尺深或離魚兒3英尺 - 或更近，而因水的清晰有限 - 顏色會開始改變，往往以驚人的結果。

What Do Fish See?

     魚會看到怎麼？

Scientists really do not know exactly what fish see, or in other words, what images reach their brains.

科學家們真的不知道魚到底是見到什麼，或者換句話說，什麼圖像達到他們的大腦。

Most research on the vision of fish is done either by physical or chemical examination of different parts of their eyes or by determining how laboratory fish respond to various images or stimuli.

魚視力的大多數研究，是以通過物理或化學檢查不同部位的眼睛或決定如何應對各種魚類實驗室圖像或刺激。

Making broad generalizations about a fish's vision is complicated by the fact that different species may have different vision capabilities and that laboratory results may not represent what happens in the real world of an ocean, lake, or river.

作寬泛關於魚的視力是複雜的，不同的物種可能有不同的能力和視力，實驗室檢驗結果不能代表可能發生在現實世界中的海洋，湖泊或河流。

Physical studies of the eyes and retinas of fish show that the majority can obtain a clearly focused image, detect motion, and have good contrast-detection ability.

物理研究魚的眼睛和視網膜顯示大多數魚能獲得清晰對焦的圖像，偵測動作，並具有良好的反差度檢測能力。

A limited number of experiments have shown that a minimum level of light is necessary before a fish can recognize colors.

小量的實驗表明，魚能夠識別顏色必須有某水平的光。

Another finding, but one that needs more study, is that some fish favor a specific color.

另一項發現，而是一個需要更多的研究，是一些魚喜愛的特定顏色。

This point may contradict or affirm your own fishing experiences, but remember that the attractiveness of your fly is a combination of many things, including its motion, shape, and color, as well as the scents in and depth of the water.

這個論點可能抵觸或確認你捕魚的經驗，但請記住，你毛勾的吸引力，是一個由很多事情加在一起的組合，包括它的作動，形狀，顏色，氣味以及水深。

Most fish have an adequate sense of vision, but this is usually not so impressive as their sense of smell and ability to detect vibrations through their lateral lines.

大多數魚類有足夠的視覺，但印象通常不及他們的嗅覺和通過魚用側線檢測振動的能力。

Fish usually use their sense of hearing or smell to initially perceive their prey, and then use their vision only in the final attack.

魚類通常初步使用他們的聽覺或嗅覺辨別他們的獵物，然後進行最後攻擊時使用他們的視覺。

Most fish can see in low-light conditions or dirty water, and a few can see objects over moderately long distances.

大部分魚都可以在低光條件下或在髒水裡看見東西，還有一些可以看見中長距離的物體。

Fish such as tuna have especially good vision; others less so.

魚類如金槍魚，尤其是有良好的視力，別的可能比不上他。

Fish are usually nearsighted, although it is believed that sharks are farsighted.

魚通常是近視眼，雖然人們認為鯊魚是有遠視的。

The majority of fish have developed eyes that will detect the type of colors typical of their environment.

而大部分魚已有已發展的眼睛檢測到在他們生活環境中典型顏色的類型。

For example, inshore fish have good color vision, whereas offshore pelagic fish have limited color vision and detect only a few if any colors other than black and white.

例如，內海魚類有良好的色彩視覺，而外海中上層魚類則有有限的色彩視覺只能檢測少數黑色和白色以外的其他顏色。

This is not surprising from an evolutionary point of view, because nearshore waters are lit with many colors; offshore waters, on the other hand, are mainly blue or green and contain few other colors.

從進化的角度來看這並不奇怪，內海水域是點燃了許多顏色; 另一方面由於外海水域主要是藍色或綠色和包含甚少其他的顏色。

The actual ability of a specific color to attract or even repel fish has fascinated both anglers and scientists.

釣魚人和科學家都被特定顏色能吸引或擊退魚類的實際能力而著迷。

While there are no uniform answers, scientists have conducted experiments on this interesting question.

雖然沒有統一的答案，科學家們進行了實驗，研究了這個有趣的問題。

For example, studies of sticklebacks during their spawning season have shown that males, which then have bright red coloring on their bellies, become very aggressive to decoys that also have bright red bellies.

例如，研究對雄性刺魚在產卵季節期間顯示(而當時他們的肚子有鮮紅的色彩)會對也有鮮紅
色彩肚子的假魚變得非常有攻擊性。

Similarly, decoys with extended bellies, which look like females carrying eggs, attract the males.

同樣地，假魚偽裝有大大的肚子，看上去就像雌性攜帶卵子，能吸引到雄性刺魚。

But it isn't that simple: it wasn't just the case of a perfect decoy imitation, but rather the color or shape of the decoy.

這並非如此簡單：它不只是完美假魚的仿造，而是被顏色或形狀所迷惑。

In addition, it was noted that a passing red car, seen from the fish tank, also excited male sticklebacks.

此外，有人指出，雄性刺魚從魚缸看見到經過的紅色小轎車，亦會作出強烈反應。

Color Suggestions
顏色的建議

This is perhaps the most important point to remember: Most gamefish detect their prey by seeing the contrast of the forage against various colored backgrounds.
這也許是要記住的最重要一點：大多數遊釣魚種以獵物與各種顏色的背景之反差偵查獵物。

The level or type of contrast depends upon many factors: time of day, type of bottom, transparency of the water, whether it is cloudy or sunny, and perhaps even the time of year.

對比度的級別或類型取決於許多因素：時間，水底類型，水的透明度，晴天或陰天，甚至貴季節。

I wish I could be more specific, but such scientific information is not available.

我希望我可以更具體，但現時還未有那些科學的知識。

The best I can do is provide some general suggestions and information; determining the right color or color combinations will take a lot of fishing and experimenting under various conditions.

我所能做的就是盡量提供一些一般性的建議和知識; 要確定正確的顏色或顏色組合需要作釣很多次和在不同條件下試驗。

Keep these ideas in mind the next time you tie or select flies.
下一次你紮作毛勾或選擇毛勾時需留意的理念。

- Try to consider what the colors in your fly will look like at the depth you are  fishing, and chose appropriately.
嘗試考慮你的毛勾在你釣魚的水深看起來會是什麼顏色，並作出適當的選擇。

For example, since red is the first and blue is the last color absorbed, it makes more sense to use a blue fly when fishing deep.

舉例，因為紅色是第一個比吸收和藍色是最後一個被吸收的顏色，使用一個深藍色的毛勾作釣會更有意義。
- If you are trying to match a particular bait, the color of your fly should match the color of the bait for the depth you are fishing.
- 如果你想匹配一個特定的誘餌，你毛勾的顏色應與你捕魚的水深顏色相配。

In other words, try to match the underwater color rather than the color of the bait in air.

換句話說，嘗試配對水裡的色彩，而不是在大氣中的顏色。
- Many fish feed by looking up toward the surface of the water.
許多魚類通過查找水面找尋食物。
- In doing so, however, they have difficulty distinguishing specific colors, and the contrast of the prey against the surface becomes more important.
這樣做，但是，他們很難區分獵物的特定顏色, 因此獵物和水面的對比度變得更為重要。 - When a feeding fish is looking up, a dark silhouette, even against a dark night sky, provides the maximum contrast and is attractive to predators.
當進食的魚抬起頭來，一個黑暗的剪影，甚至在一個黑暗的夜空，如能提供最大的對比度便能吸引到捕獵者。

- Selecting a fly based on contrast, rather than on specific colors, is often the key to enticing a fish to strike.

以對比度的基礎上選擇一隻毛勾，而不是特定的顏色，往往是關鍵誘使魚兒就餌。
- Black is the least transparent color and gives the best silhouette at night.
黑色是最低透明度的顏色，並提供在夜間最好的剪影。

Black is probably the most visible color under most conditions.

黑色可能是在大多數情況下最明顯的顏色。
- If your fly has two or more colors, the darker color should be over the lighter colors.
如果您的毛勾有兩個或更多的顏色，顏色較深的應在較淺顏色的上方。
Almost all baitfish have this color arrangement, and dark over light usually produces good contrast.
幾乎所有小魚有這種色彩搭配，暗色在淺色的上方通常產生良好的對比度。
- Different colored flies may be equally effective or ineffective simply because they are similar in color at the depth the fish see them.
一隻不同顏色的毛勾可能同樣有功效或無效，只因他們在魚看到它們的水深處變成類似的顏色。
- If you are fishing your fly in deep water, the motion and any noise or disturbance it makes might be much more important than its color.
如果你於水深處以毛勾釣魚，任何動態，噪音或煩擾可能比他的顏色更重要。
- Increase the contrast of the fly if the water is dirty; decrease the contrast if it is clear.
如果水是髒的，提高毛勾的對比度，如果水是清澈的，降低毛勾的對比度。
- A good profile is important when vision conditions are low (nighttime or dirty water).
當能見度低的時候一個好的配輪廓是重要的（夜間或骯髒的水）。- Black and red flies offer good profiles.
黑色和紅色毛勾提供良好的輪廓。

- Some colors, such as chartreuse, always seem to work better than other colors.

有些顏色，如淡黃綠色，似乎總是比**顏色有更好的功效。
- Yellow-and-white and chartreuse-and-white are also favorite pairings.
黃色配以白色或淡黃綠色配以白色，也是守歡迎的配對。

Red and white, which provide good contrast under many conditions, is a popular combination for many anglers.

紅色配以白色，提供良好的對比度，在許多情況下是許多釣者的流行組合。


Understanding Polarized Light
理解偏振光

Recent research shows that many fish sense polarized light.

最近的研究顯示，許多魚類能感應到偏振光。

Humans do not have the ability to separate polarized from regular light.

人類沒有能力從正常光線中分辨出偏振光。

Regular light vibrates in all directions perpendicular to its direction of travel; polarized light, however, vibrates only in one plane.

正常光線向各個方向振動垂直的飛行; 但是偏振光只有在一個平面上振動。

When light is reflected off many nonmetallic surfaces, including the ocean surface, it is polarized to some degree.

當光線從許多非金屬表面反射，包括海洋水面，它有一定程度上的偏振。

This explains how polarizing sunglasses work: they block out the horizontally reflected polarized component of light from the ocean surface which causes most of the glare but permit the vertically reflected component to pass through.

這解釋了偏光太陽鏡如何的起作用：他們隔阻了從海洋表面水平反射的偏振成分，導致大部分的眩光，但允許垂直反射成分通過。

It is not fully understood why some fish have the ability to sense polarized light, but there are interesting possibilities.

我們並不完全理解為什麼有的魚有能力感覺到偏振光，但是這存在著有趣的可能性。

Being able to detect polarized light might help fish in their migrations and ability to swim closely with others of the same species.

具備偵測偏振光的能力可以幫助魚類遷徙和游近同類。

The ability to sense polarized light must certainly be related to the fact that when light is reflected off su**ces, like the scales on a baitfish, it is polarized.

能夠感知偏振光必然相關的事實是，當光線反射到小魚的魚鱗時，魚鱗發出偏振光。

Fish that can detect polarized light have an advantage in finding food.

可檢測偏振光的魚有尋找食物的優勢。

Polarizing vision can also enhance the contrast between almost transparent prey and the background, making the prey easier to see.

偏光視力還可以增強幾乎透明的獵物和背景之間的對比度，使獵物更容易被看到。

Another conjecture is that having polarizing vision can let fish see objects that are farther away — perhaps three times the distance — as fish without this

ability.

另一種猜測是，偏光視力可以讓魚看到更遠的物體 - 或許 3倍的距離 - 對比於沒有這個能力的魚。

If this speculation is correct, it may answer the question why some fish can feed under very low-light conditions.

如果這是正確的猜測是，它可以回答這個問題：為什麼一些魚可以在非常低光條件下進食。

And there is more polarized light at dawn and dusk, which might explain why some fish, such as striped bass, seem to feed more aggressively at these

times of the day.

在黎明和黃昏有更多的偏振光，這或許可以解釋為什麼一些魚類，如鱸魚，似乎在每天的這些時間更積極進食。

If the ability to sense polarized light helps fish to find food, then it follows that flies that reflect polarized light should be more attractive to such fish.

如果偏振光感知能夠幫助魚尋找食物，那麼，反射偏振光的毛勾應該更吸引這些魚類。

Some natural fly-tying materials, such as polar bear fur, are especially good reflectors of polarized light.

一些紮作毛勾的自然材料，如北極熊毛皮，都有特別好的偏振光反射。

Bucktail, on the other hand, is a relatively poor reflector of polarized light.

雄鹿尾巴毛，另一方面，相對地對偏振光反射是差勁的。

There are artificial materials that simulate fish scales and various tinsels that claim to be excellent reflectors of polarized light.

有些人造材料，模擬魚鱗和不同種類的裝飾物，宣稱能出色的反射偏振光。

Flies with irregular surfaces may reflect more polarized light than smooth flies.

有不規則表面的毛勾可能比滑表面的毛勾更能反射偏振光。

I suspect that in the coming years, as we learn more, there will be an increased use of polarizing materials in flies and lures.

我懷疑在未來幾年中，當我們了解更多，會有更多毛勾和路亞使用偏光的材料。

Fluorescent Colors Increase Visibility
     熒光顏色提高可視性

Fluorescent colors, especially chartreuse, are very popular with saltwater fly fishermen.

熒光顏色，特別是淡黃綠色，是很受海釣飛蠅者歡迎。

I almost always start fishing with a chartreuse Half & Half, even if it's just to see if there are any fish in the area.

我總是開始釣魚時先使用半淡黃綠色及半白色的毛勾，即使是為了看看該地區有沒有魚。

Under the right conditions, fluorescent colors, which are not naturally found in nature, can be very visible under water and seen for considerable distances.  

在適當的條件下，熒光顏色，這是不存在自然於自然界的，可以在水中非常的明顯和在相當遠的距離看到。

A fluorescent color is one that will be bright when exposed to light having a shorter wavelength.

熒光顏色暴露在較短波的光線下將變得明亮。

For example, fluorescent yellow appears as bright yellow when exposed to ultra-violet, blue, or green light.

例如，熒光黃在暴露於紫外線，藍色或綠色的光時顯示為亮黃色。

Alternatively, fluorescent yellow does not appear yellow when struck by red light that has a longer wavelength.

另外，熒光黃當被波長較長的紅光照射時不會出現黃色。

Because of this unique characteristic of fluorescent colors, they do not have as dramatic a change of color when they are fished deeper.

由於熒光顏色這種獨特的特徵，當釣深水的魚時熒光色不會在顏色上產生戲劇性的變化。

The fluorescence of fluorescent colors is mainly due to ultraviolet (UV) light, a color that is invisible to us.

熒光色的熒光，主要是由於紫外光（UV），是一種我們看不見的顏色。

Humans cannot see UV light, but we can see how it brings out the fluorescence in certain colors.

人類無法看到紫外線，但我們可以看到它如何帶出在某些顏色的熒光。

Ultraviolet light is especially dominant on cloudy or gray days, and when UV light hits something having fluorescent material, its color becomes especially

visible and vibrant.

紫外線，尤其在陰天或天色灰暗時顯示其優勢，當紫外線照射到有熒光材料的東西時，它的顏色變得特別明顯和充滿活力。
      On bright sunlit days, the fluorescent effect is considerably less, and of course if there is no light, there will be no fluorescence.
      在猛烈陽光的日子，熒光效果是相當少的，當然，如果沒有光，就沒有熒光。

     Research shows that fluorescent colors are visible and distinct for longer distances than regular colors, and that a fly with fluorescent materials often  attracts fish.

研究顯示，長距離下，熒光顏色比普通的顏色更可見和特出的，而且螢光材料的毛勾往往能夠更吸引魚類。

To be more precise, a fluorescent color having a slightly longer wavelength than the color of the water has better long-distance visibility.

更準確的說，熒光顏色比水的顏色有稍長的波長因而有較好的長距離能見度。

For example, in greenish waters, the brightest colors would be fluorescent green or chartreuse.

舉例，在綠色的水域，最明亮的顏色將是綠色或淡黃綠色熒光。

As good as fluorescent colors may be, they will usually not work if the fish are actively feeding on a specific bait, since it is highly improbable that the fluorescent color will resemble any color in that bait.

就算熒光顏色怎麼樣的好，如果大魚是積極捕食某一種特定的小魚時，熒光顏色通常也會失效，因為難以相信熒光顏色能的仿冒小魚的任何顏色。

As you can see, light and color can get pretty complicated. 正如你可以看到，光線和顏色可以弄得相當複雜。

But let's not forget what we are trying to do: have our flies imitate pieces of fish food.

但我們不要忘記我們正在試圖做的事：就是把我們的毛勾模仿成一件件魚的食物。

Fish are not very clever, and they attack prey — or flies — as an instinctive behavior motivated (or so we think) by one or more stimuli.

魚不是很聰明的，他們攻擊獵物 - 或毛勾 - 由一個或更多的刺激所至而作為一種本能的行為所驅使（或者我們的想法）。

These stimuli include movement, shape, sound, contrast, smell, color, presentation, and certainly other things unknown to us.

這些刺激包括動作，形狀，聲音，反差度，氣味，顏色，演繹方法，以及一些我們不了解的事情。

Successful flies should probably include some of these stimuli, and then we need to consider other variables such as the time of day, the tide, and the presence of other fish or fishermen.

成功的毛勾應該包括其中一些刺激，然後我們需要考慮**因素，如時間，潮值，附近出現的魚類或漁民。

This is a complicated venture, of which color can sometimes be an important aspect, but only if the fish can see the color.

這是一個複雜的嘗試，其中顏色有時是一個重要的要點，但只有當魚能夠看到顏色時。

哎 ....... 四天才能完成翻譯 !!!  

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ktmok0083 發表於 2010-6-4 11:45

                               
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